Bienestar psicológico, salud mental y pautas percibidasde apego: estudio comparativo entre mexicanos y estadounidenses durante la pandemia COVID 19 / Psychological well-being, Mental health and patterns of perceived attachment: a comparative study between Mexicans and Americans during the COVID 19 Pandemic

Psychological Well-Being, Mental Health and Patterns of Perceived Attachment: A Comparative Study between Mexicans and Americans during the COVID 19 Pandemic. A correlational and comparative study was carried out on Psychological Well-Being, elements of mental health, and Patterns of Perceived Attachment in Childhood as a possible protection variable in the COVID-19 pandemic. The total N was 316, of which 161 were Mexican students and 155 Americans. The instruments used were the Psychological Well-being Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Inventory, and the Inventory of Perceived Attachment Patterns During Childhood. The results show higher indicators of mental health impairment in young Mexicans compared to Americans: depression 76% vs 20.24%. anxiety 93% vs 38% and stress 68% vs 12.5%. In addition, average positive correlations were identified between Psychological Well-Being and secure attachment and negative correlations with the other forms of attachment. In the Americans, a low positive association was found between secure attachment and self-acceptance, positive relationships (the highest correlated), and the scale’s total. Similarly, disorganized, anxious, and avoidant attachment patterns are negatively correlated with self-acceptance, positive relationships, mastery of the environment, life purposes, and the total. Therefore, we consider that Patterns of Perceived Attachment in Childhood are associated with the elements of mental health such as: anxiety, depression, and stress, and with the levels of psychological well-being experienced during the pandemic. Finally, suggestions of other mediating and protective variables for future research are offered (AU)

Exposición y Desensibilización a la Violencia en Jóvenes Mexicanos en Distintos Contextos Sociales / Exposure and Desensitization to Violence among Mexican Youth from Different Social Contexts

Resumen El objetivo fue conocer la exposición y desensibilización a la violencia en jóvenes de cinco contextos en distintas instituciones educativas y de readaptación social de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico transversal comparativo de 25 instituciones de educación media superior, ubicados en Zonas Rurales (ZR), en Polígonos de Violencia (PV), Cercanas a Polígonos de Violencia (CPV), en Zonas Alejadas de los Polígonos de Violencia (ZAPV), y en un Centro de Internamiento Juvenil (CIJ) con un total de 1720 participantes; 851 (49.5 %) hombres y 869 (50.5%) mujeres. Resultados: Se encontraron medias significativamente más altas en desensibilización a la violencia en participantes del CIJ, seguidos por participantes de las ZAPV, y al final el ZR. Referente a la exposición a la violencia fue mayor en aquellos provenientes de las ZAPV después en jóvenes del CIJ y finalmente los de ZR. Conclusiones: La desensibilización a la violencia se presenta como consecuencia a la exposición de la violencia y las conductas que atentan contra la seguridad social. Finalmente, se encontró que las actividades artísticas y los padres unidos funcionan como factores de protección contra la desensibilización a la violencia.

Abstract The aim of this research was to measure the exposure and desensitization to violence in young people from five contexts in different educational institutions and a Juvenile Detention Center in the city of San Luis Potosí and its surroundings in Mexico. Desensitization to violence is a phenomenon that is generated due to constant exposure to violence, resulting in a decrease in emotional responses, adverse judgments, and opposition to violent acts, it can lead to a normalization of violent acts and with it a minimization of their seriousness, which promotes positive emotions in the individual such as pleasure, fun or entertainment when exposed to said acts or events. Method: a comparative cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 25 institutions of higher secondary education, located in rural areas and in polygons identified as violent, near to polygons and far from them, and in a Juvenile Detention Center with a total of 1720 male participants. Results: Significantly higher means were found in desensitization to violence in participants from the internment center, later from those of the areas that were initially identified as far from the polygons of violence, and finally the lowest in the rural context. Regarding exposure to violence, it was higher in those participants far from the polygons of violence, then in young people from the internment center, and finally those from the rural context. In addition, of the three areas analyzed, lower levels of schooling were found in people in a situation of internment. Conclusions: Desensitization to violence occurs as a consequence of exposure to violence and behaviors that threaten social security. Also, it was found that artistic activities and being part of a family, with father and mother together, worked as a protective factor against desensitization to violence. Some plausible explanations for these findings are suggested.

Violencia estructural, mujeres y conductas disruptivas en San Luis Potosí, México / Structural violence, women and disruptive behaviors in San Luis Potosi, Mexico / Violência estrutural, mulheres e comportamentos perturbadores em San Luis Potosí, México

El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la violencia estructural en la que se desarrollan las conductas disruptivas enfatizando el contexto en el que se genera el aprendizaje social de las mismas, la forma en que se construye la sociedad favoreciendo el ejercicio y prácticas de violencia que afectan a la mujer y a las personas que se desenvuelven en México. Método: 489 personas contestaron la Escala de Conductas Disruptivas en adultos; 21 de las mujeres que alguna vez fueron detenidas. Resultados: se encontró un tamaño del efecto alto en conductas disruptivas en aquellas personas que se juntaron con pandillas, el doble de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en hombres en contraste con mujeres, así como mayores conductas disruptivas en quienes consumen sustancias ilegales o alcohol, también, el consumo de drogas y alcohol, así como la violencia vivida en la infancia presentan diferencias significativas en mujeres que han sido detenidas y aquellas que no. Discusión: los modelos de socialización, la violencia directa y estructural y la cultura de la violencia aterrizada en el contexto social mexicano generan que tanto hombres como mujeres delincan; la generación de políticas públicas y el desafío a los roles de género tradicionales pueden ser elementos protectores.

The objective of this research was to describe the structural violence in which disruptive behaviors are developed, emphasizing the context in which the social learning of these behaviors is generated, the way in which society is constructed favoring the exercise and practices of violence that affect women and people in Mexico. Method: 489 people answered the Scale of Disruptive Behavior in Adults; 21 of the women who had ever been arrested. Results: we found a high effect size in disruptive behaviors in those who joined gangs, twice the consumption of psychoactive substances in men in contrast to women, as well as greater disruptive behaviors in those who consume illegal substances or alcohol, also, the consumption of drugs and alcohol, as well as violence experienced in childhood show significant differences in women who have been arrested and those who have not. Discussion: socialization models, direct and structural violence and the culture of violence in the Mexican social context cause both men and women to commit crimes; the generation of public policies and the challenge to traditional gender roles may be protective elements.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever a violência estrutural na qual os comportamentos perturbadores são desenvolvidos, enfatizando o contexto no qual o aprendizado social destes comportamentos é gerado, a forma como a sociedade é construída favorecendo o exercício e as práticas de violência que afetam as mulheres e as pessoas no México. Método: 489 pessoas responderam à Escala de Comportamentos Perturbadores em Adultos; 21 das mulheres já haviam sido presas. Resultados: encontramos um tamanho de efeito elevado para comportamentos perturbadores naqueles que aderiram a gangues, o dobro do uso de substâncias psicoativas em homens do que em mulheres, assim como comportamentos mais perturbadores naqueles que usam substâncias ilegais ou álcool, também, o uso de drogas e álcool, assim como a violência experimentada na infância mostram diferenças significativas nas mulheres que foram presas e naquelas que não o foram. Discussão: modelos de socialização, violência direta e estrutural e a cultura da violência no contexto social mexicano levam homens e mulheres a cometer crimes; a geração de políticas públicas e o desafio aos papéis tradicionais de gênero podem ser elementos protetores.

A Malinchismo Scale for Use among Adolescents / Escala de Malinchismo para Adolescentes

Abstract Malinchismo is a recently documented concept referring to preferencing the culture, ideas, tastes and behaviors of another nation/culture over one's own. First, we introduce this new concept in relation to post-colonial theory, social identity theory, and remote acculturation theory, explaining its relevance to adolescent development. We then introduce and validate a new Malinchismo scale using a derivative sequential method among two samples of adolescents in Mexico (n = 560 total). Our Malinchismo Scale is more comprehensive than existing alternatives and is the first to be validated for use among adolescents. We assessed 1) content validity using the responses of content experts who served as judges, 2) construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA, respectively), and 3) convergent and discriminant validity using participant responses to the Ingroup Interethnic Bias Test. In total, 366 adolescents were in the EFA sample (M=16.18 years, SD=0.74, 62% female) and 194 adolescents were in the CFA sample (M=16.17, SD=1.06, 57% female). Results revealed excellent psychometric properties on all indices, supporting the Malinchismo Scale as a valid and reliable measure for adolescents.

Resumen El malinchismo es un concepto que hace referencia a la actitud de privilegiar la cultura, ideas, gustos y comportamientos que provienen de países o culturas diferentes de la persona que les elige. Si bien, el concepto remite a la conquista española del continente americano, la literatura científica considera que es aplicable a otros países y culturas. Es debido a esto que el constructo se aborda desde la teoría poscolonial, la teoría de la identidad social y la concerniente a la aculturación remota, con base en ellas se explica la importancia del estudio en las nuevas juventudes mexicanas. El método empleado para la validación de la escala de Malinchismo es uno secuencial derivativo, inicialmente evaluando los ítems con jueces para la obtención de la validez de contenido, posteriormente con una muestra total de 560 participantes se buscó la validez de constructo mediante Análisis Factorial Exploratorio, seguido de un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Una vez obtenido el modelo definitivo se procedió hacia la obtención de validez concurrente y divergente, empleando el cuestionario de sesgo intergrupal interétnico. La muestra para el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio fue de 336 participantes (M=16.18 años, DE=0.74, 62% mujeres 38% hombres) y para el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio se trabajó con194 adolescentes (M=16.17, DE=1.06, 57% mujeres y 43% hombres). Los resultados muestran una escala con excelentes propiedades psicométricas en todos los elementos del modelo factorial confirmatorio, así como de validez y confiabilidad de cada una de las dimensiones que le componen, haciendo de la escala de malinchismo una ideal para la medición de dicho fenómeno en adolescentes. La escala de malinchismo puede abordar cuatro factores que consisten en el privilegiar o preferir: comida, productos, personas o entretenimiento proveniente de otros países. La escala permitirá reconocer fenómenos sociales migratorios, de consumo y transformación cultural en las nuevas juventudes mexicanas.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Violencia Psicológica en la Pareja / Psychometric properties of the Scale of Psychological Violence in the Couple

La violencia psicológica se define como cualquier acto intencional que daña la estabilidad psicológica de una persona. En el contexto de una relación afectiva, este fenómeno suele manifestarse en comportamientos de maltrato verbal, aislamiento, control, intimidación, amenaza y abuso emocional. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido desarrollar un instrumento válido y confiable para medir la violencia psicológica durante el noviazgo. El método empleado siguió las fases descritas a continuación: jueces para validez de contenido y análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio para validez de constructo y validez de criterio con evidencias de concurrencia y divergencia. La investigación se desarrolló con una muestra de 382 mujeres (61%) y 244 hombres (39%), con una edad promedio de 17.85 (DE 2.48) pertenecientes a educación media superior y superior, que hubiesen tenido una pareja formal (noviazgo). Se obtuvo como resultado una validez de contenido con V de Aiken=.91, una confiabilidad compuesta >.80 en su AFC, así como GFI de .98 y un CFI de .99. Las anteriores evidencias de validez y confiabilidad permiten recomendar la utilización del instrumento en el abordaje de la violencia psicológica en parejas de jóvenes mexicanos

Psychological violence is defined as any intentional act that harms the psychological stability of a person. In the context of an affective relationship, this phenomenon usually manifests itself in behaviors of verbal abuse, isolation, control, intimidation, threat and emotional abuse. The objective of this research has been to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure psychological violence during courtship. The method used followed the phases described below: judges for content validity and explorator y and confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity and criterion validity with evidence of concurrence and divergence. The research was developed with a sample of 382 women (61%) and 244 men (39%), with an average age of 17.85 (SD 2.48) belonging to upper and higher secondary education, who would have had a formal partner (courtship). A content validity was obtained with V of Aiken = .91, a composite reliability> .80 in its AFC, as well as GFI of .98 and a CFI of .99. The previous evidences of validity and reliability allow us to recommend the use of the instrument in the approach to psychological violence in couples of young Mexicans

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de ideación dependiente / Psychometric properties of the dependent ideation scale

La ideación dependiente se basa en mandatos de género (patriarcales) e ideales del amor romántico que hacen pensar que una pareja es imprescindible en la vida de una persona; lo cual está asociado a un temor a la soltería, abnegación y dificultad para recibir afecto. Método: Para la realización de la escala se siguió un método secuencial derivativo, con una primera fase de validez de contenido, posteriormente se realizó un diseño analítico transversal para el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y con una muestra distinta el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), por último, con el mismo diseño se obtuvieron correlaciones para la validez concurrente y discriminante con dos diferentes instrumentos de medición. La muestra total consistió en 617 participantes de San Luis Potosí (centro) y Tijuana (norte y frontera), dos estados de México. Resultados: La validez de contenido se obtuvo mediante la W de Kendall, con un promedio de .272 y V de Aiken de .905. El AFC presentó Confiabilidad compuesta>.75 en todos los factores, AVE>.50 y MSV<.209. Por tanto, las propiedades de validez y confiabilidad resultaron adecuadas para medir la ideación dependiente. Además, se obtuvieron notables resultados de validez de criterio, concurrente y discriminante

Dependent ideation is based on (patriarchal) gender mandates and romantic love ideals leading to the idea that a partner is absolutely necessary in a person’s life; this attitude is associated with fear of being single, abnegation, and difficulty receiving affection. Method: The construction of the scale used a sequential derivate method including a first phase focused on content validity followed by a transversal design approach for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a different population sample. Finally, using the same design, convergent and discriminant validity correlations between two different measurement instruments were obtained. The total sample included 617 participants from the state of San Luis Potosí (center) and the city of Tijuana (northern border), both in Mexico. Results: Content validity was determined using Kendall’s W with an average of .272, as well as Aiken’s V, with an average of .905. CFA indicated a composite reliability > .75 for all factors, AVE > .50 and MSV < .209. Therefore, the instrument’s reliability and validity properties were found to be adequate to measure dependent ideation. Additionally, remarkable criterion, convergent, and discriminant validity values were obtained

Exposición a la violencia en adolescentes: desensibilización, legitimación y naturalización / Exposure to violence in teenagers: Desensitization, legitimation and naturalization

Resumen El artículo realiza una aproximación a las creencias e ideas de jóvenes que han estado expuestos a violencia y sus posibles implicaciones como la desensibilización a la violencia. Se realizó el estudio mediante el análisis de contenido de siete entrevistas a profundidad con adolescentes que hubiesen vivido violencia o le ejercieran. Se realizó una codificación axial abierta. Se encontraron las siguientes categorías: violencia psicológica: vivida o ejercida; física: atestiguada, vivida y sexual. Normalización de la violencia, violencia como juego, gusto o agrado, justificación, como estatus o jerarquía y como adaptación o defensa. La desensibilización a la violencia no sólo en su manifestación de normalización y agrado, sino también en una diversión explícita implica la disminución de la prosocialidad.

Abstract The article shows an approach to the beliefs and ideas of young people who have been exposed to violence and the potential implications of this exposure, such as desensitization to violence. Method: content analysis of seven in-depth interviews with teenagers who had experienced violence. An axial open coding was performed. Results: we found categories of psychological, physical and sexual violence; normalization of violence, violence as a game, enjoying or liking violence, justification, status or hierarchy and as adaptation or defense. Discussion: desensitization to violence appears not only ass normalization and a source of pleasure, but also in explicit fun, which involves reduced prosociality.

Vestigios de la transgresión en las celebraciones mexicanas / Vestígios da transgressão nas celebrações mexicanas / Vestiges of transgression at Mexican celebrations

Adscrito en la tradición de los llamados textos sociológicos el presente artículo constituye una reflexión en torno de trazos melancólicos mascarados en cada una de las celebraciones mexicanas. Con el objetivo de dar marco a las conjeturas aquí desarrolladas se revisaron fuentes psicoanalíticas y literarias para sustentar que además de unir pasado y memoria, cada celebración mexicana es atravesada por la herencia arcaica de un elemento transhistórico de alternancia maniaco-melancólica: vestigio de la transgresión. El análisis muestra que en las celebraciones mexicanas prevalecen intermitencias entre dos formas de repetición, por un lado júbilo de triunfo y por otro deshonra por violación. Se concluye que disfrazados de fiesta y júbilo se ocultan trazos melancólicos que enmascaran los vestigios de una transgresión.(AU)

Seguindo a tradição dos chamados textos sociológicos, o presente artigo constitui uma reflexão acerca dos traços melancólicos mascarados em cada uma das celebrações mexicanas. Com o objetivo de dar marco às conjecturas aqui desenvolvidas, revisaram-se fontes psicanalíticas e literárias para sustentar que além de unir passado e memória, cada celebração mexicana é atravessada pela herança arcaica de um elemento transhistórico de alternância maníacomelancólica: vestígio da transgressão. A análise mostra que nas celebrações mexicanas prevalecem intermitências entre duas formas de repetição, de um lado júbilo de triunfo e, de outro, desonra por violação. Conclui-se que disfarçados de festa e júbilo ocultam-se traços melancólicos que mascaram os vestígios de uma transgressão.(AU)

Following the tradition of sociological texts this article is a reflection on melancholy traces masked in each of the Mexican celebrations. In order to give context to the conjectures developed here, psychoanalytic and literary sources were revised, bringing theoretical support that they are commemorations in which past and memory have a fundamental role, and they are also crossed by the archaic heritage of one transhistorical element of maniacmelancholic alternance: vestige of the transgression. The analysis illustrates that in Mexican celebrations there are obvious intermittences between two forms of repetition, on the one hand joyous triumph and on the other dishonor from violation. It can be concluded that in disguise of party and joy there are melancholy traces that masks the vestiges of the transgression.(AU)